Morality And Happiness By Robert C. Solomon, Clancy Martin...

Morality and Happiness Everyone wants to be happy during their life, but is acting morally necessary for happiness? According to Introducing Philosophy, by Robert C. Solomon, Clancy Martin and Kathleen M. Higgins, many people say that â€Å"any good moral rule should promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number† (447). I believe that this statement is true. Morality is necessary for happiness because every person has someone in this world that they truly care about. We all care about someone and we do not want to hurt them. When we see their happiness, it makes us truly happy. On the other hand, when we do something immoral it really does hurt us and others. I believe that we all have a sense of regret after doing so. Everyone has a different motivation for the actions and behaviors seen as acceptable, but morality cannot be defined in a way that fits every society’s benefits and interpretation. Everyone has something inside of them that makes them want to do good and make someone in this world happy. According to Kant, â€Å"some of our feelings are satisfied by moral acts and such moral feelings can be found in virtually all of us† (482). For me, that connection is why morality and happiness go hand and hand. Immoral acts can be fun or tempting and people commit immoral acts all the time. I believe that when people do a good deed it will bring more joy to them than doing something immoral. It may be more fun; however, they can affect the happiness of others in a bad

The Internet and the Behavior it creates - 617 Words

In the United States, the internet has become an excellent resource of information and learning. Although this has become a powerful tool that is of great benefit it is becoming problematic to the youth of America. The internet has creating anti-social behavior in our children that are now young 20 something’s. Anti-social behavior is the lack of consideration for others and may cause damage to the society, whether intentionally or through negligence. (Berger, K. 2003) Many times this anti-social behavior results in criminal activity, or behavior that is contrary to the norms of society. There are weekly reports in the news of youth cyber bullying, illicit texting, or pornographic material and phishing or identity thief. These are all considered forms of anti-social behavior. Facebook is a great way to stay connected to longtime friends and family members. As we grow older we have met many people through work or we have large family and that live long distances. Facebook is the perfect tool to feel connected to them. However, many of our youth are deeply entrenched in social media. Growing up in a virtual society, and if left unsupervised by parents. Many of these youth are creating virtual persona’s. According to a recent survey, most U.S. tweens have at least one social media account and often use it without parental supervision.(Carlson) At a young ages children are creating false identities and are not building the confidence or social skills needed to makeShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Internet On The Internet1520 Words   |  7 PagesEver since the Internet was first introduced to the world, its usage has been increasing each year, as advancing technology makes it more accessible to the public. The increased usage of the Internet has created an Internet-dominated society. With the Internet becoming such a used tool, many people have grown dependent on the Internet for their daily lives. 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Night Creature Dark Moon Chapter Twenty Two Free Essays

string(35) " face heated as we neared my room\." As Nic drove back to town, I placed another call to Jessie. â€Å"What?† she snapped. â€Å"A little busy here!† Gunshots punctuated her words. We will write a custom essay sample on Night Creature: Dark Moon Chapter Twenty Two or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"If you’re that damn busy, why’d you answer the phone?† â€Å"What do you want?† â€Å"Will.† â€Å"Can’t have him. Mine.† â€Å"I need to ask a question. Is he there?† Her put-upon sigh was followed by Will’s voice. â€Å"Hey! Do not throw the phone at my head unless you warn me first. Hello?† I didn’t bother with niceties. I figured he had places to go, werewolves to kill – or at least he needed to hold Jessie’s ammo while she killed them. â€Å"You know anything about the beaver moon?† â€Å"It’s in a few days. Why? Did you talk to Cora?† â€Å"No.† I hesitated, not wanting to impart bad news over the phone, but what choice did I have? â€Å"Cora’s dead, Will.† He sighed. â€Å"Damn.† â€Å"What?† I heard Jessie ask. Either my hearing was improving or she was shouting – maybe both. â€Å"Why the long face?† â€Å"Cora’s gone,† Will answered. â€Å"Got on her broom and took off at last, huh?† I guessed the two of them hadn’t been pals. â€Å"Cora took Jessie’s voice away once,† Will explained. â€Å"Took away?† â€Å"Purple powder. Bam. Jessie couldn’t talk.† â€Å"Really? Can I buy that stuff?† â€Å"Not for sale. I already asked.† â€Å"Funny. Har-har,† Jessie said loudly. â€Å"Old bat.† â€Å"Have some respect for the dead, Jess.† â€Å"She’s dead?† â€Å"What does gone mean to you?† â€Å"Left town. Took a trip. Not dead. Jeez, who taught you how to break bad news?† Her voice softened. â€Å"I’m sorry, Will. I know how much you liked her.† â€Å"Yeah. I did. And every time we lose an elder, we lose a lot of knowledge.† â€Å"Cora appears to have been teaching Lydia the old ways,† I said. â€Å"Who’s Lydia?† Quickly I filled Will in on what had happened at the cottage in the woods. â€Å"No Weendigo this time,† Will murmured. â€Å"I have to say I am not disappointed – even though we do know how to kill one of those.† â€Å"Returning to our present problem,† I said. â€Å"Beaver moon, disappearing bodies. Ring any bells?† â€Å"Not offhand. I’ll check around.† Gunshots broke out on their side of the line. â€Å"Gotta go,† Will said. â€Å"I’ll get back to you.† â€Å"Well?† Nic said. He stopped the car in front of Dr. Watchry’s clinic and shut off the engine. â€Å"He’ll get back to me.† â€Å"Okay. In the meantime† – Nic nodded toward the building in front of us – â€Å"shall we?† Together we got out of the car and headed for the door, but before we reached the clinic a tiny, elderly woman tottered out of Murphy’s – the tavern that was always open, or had been before the disappearances. Right now it appeared to be not only open but full. The woman didn’t waste any time with introductions. â€Å"What are you doing about our dilemma?† She waved a paper-white, heavily veined hand toward the bar. â€Å"We’re concerned.† From the smell of her breath, she was drowning her concerns along with the rest of the population. I peered up and down the street. All the other businesses had closed signs in the windows; the road was deserted except for Nic, me, and the little old lady. Maybe everyone was in the bar. â€Å"People disappearing?† Her voice became more loud and shrill with every word. â€Å"Sheriff Stephenson murdered. What kind of person would steal a body?† Basil had been busy soothing the populace with our lie, or maybe the doctor had, although it didn’t appear as if they were very calm. â€Å"Have you seen any strangers in town, ma’am?† I glanced at Nic. Good idea. He really was very handy to have around. â€Å"Besides the FBI?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"My eyes ain’t what they used to be. There was a man come through.† She frowned. â€Å"Reminded me of Thor the Thunder God.† Someone broke a glass inside the bar and the woman gasped, then put a palm to her chest. She was spooked. I could hardly blame her. The town had never seen a murder, now they had several missing citizens, probably dead, and a dead sheriff, now missing. â€Å"What is the FBI going to do about the latest murder?† she demanded. â€Å"All that we can, ma’am.† Nic attempted to guide her back into the bar, but she didn’t want to go. â€Å"Two in one night. What is the world coming to?† Nic paused. â€Å"Two what?† â€Å"Two murders. Try to keep up, boy.† â€Å"Two?† Nic glanced at me and I shrugged. â€Å"Sheriff Stephenson and†¦ ?† â€Å"Susie Gerant. The doctor’s receptionist.† Nic and I left the elderly lady on the street as we ran for the doctor’s office. â€Å"He isn’t there,† she called. We stopped, turned. â€Å"He went to examine the body.† Her face crinkled in thought. â€Å"Not sure where.† â€Å"Sheriff Moore?† Nic asked. â€Å"Haven’t seen him.† We checked the clinic anyway. Drab waiting room with stained carpet, uncomfortable chairs, out-of-date magazines, banged-up toys piled into a laundry basket in the corner. But no doctor, or anyone else for that matter, so Nic left a note on the desk. The sheriff’s office was just as empty. No sign of Basil, not even a message on the activity board. Nic cursed. â€Å"You’d think he’d call and let us know there was another body.† â€Å"Or be kind enough to leave a map.† â€Å"Or that.† Nic called Basil’s cell phone, cursing at the voice mail. â€Å"Sheriff,† he said tersely into the phone. â€Å"This is Agent Franklin. We need to talk. Call me, or come to the cabin ASAP.† When he had disconnected we stood in the center of the room at a loss. Now what? â€Å"Thor the Thunder God?† Nic murmured. â€Å"Who’s that? A north woods bogeyman?† â€Å"More like someone she sees after too many cocktails. Probably a Norse myth, since there are a lot of Norwegians around here, or so I hear. We could look it up, but I don’t really care.† â€Å"Ditto,† Nic said. â€Å"Maybe we should get some sleep.† â€Å"It’s eight o’clock in the morning.† â€Å"You’re not tired?† Nic must have seen the weariness play across my face because he didn’t wait for an answer. â€Å"We might as well rest until the doctor or Basil gets back.† We crossed the short space between the two buildings, and after a quick, silent meal of eggs and toast, headed for bed. My face heated as we neared my room. You read "Night Creature: Dark Moon Chapter Twenty Two" in category "Essay examples" I glanced at Nic and saw only his back disappearing into what had been Jessie and Will’s space. My lips tightened. It wasn’t as if I’d expected him to join me, but I still felt as if I’d been slapped. â€Å"Idiot,† I muttered, and slammed my door. The cabin rental must have come with linen service, because my sheets had been changed, the bed made. Thank God. I doubt I could have slept on sheets that smelled of him. As it was, I tossed and turned as memories assaulted me. Both present and past. Real and imagined. I’d known all along Nic wouldn’t be able to handle what I was, understand what I’d become. That he’d hate me both for leaving him and the necessity of it. But I hadn’t realized how much his rejection would hurt. Never suspected that I’d been harboring the hope, the delusion, that he could love me no matter what. â€Å"Moron.† I punched the pillow and tried once more to sleep. I had a doozy of a dream. The future was bright and sunny. House in the suburbs, flower beds, picket fence, really nice minivan. I was a doctor who had actual patients that were people. My husband was – â€Å"Nic!† â€Å"Sweetheart,† he murmured, as he stepped out of the house, arms wide to welcome me home. Love washed over me with a suddenness that made my knees weak. Luckily Nic was holding me up, his kiss making promises without saying a word. He lifted his head. â€Å"The baby’s teething.† â€Å"Huh?† â€Å"I feel so bad for her.† From inside came the wail of a child. I glanced around the yard. A bicycle, a bat and glove. â€Å"Mommy,† a voice squealed, and a blond whirlwind shot out of the house, giving my knees a quick hug before picking up the bat and banging it against the nearest tree. I kind of liked this dream. Or I did until the gate opened, and Billy walked into the yard. Why did he appear more frightening wearing clothes in a suburb than he had naked behind glass? Must be the blood all over his face. â€Å"Why aren’t you furry?† I asked. â€Å"Don’t need to be. Killing people around here is so damn easy.† I glanced up the block. Everything was far too still. A trail of red led down the sidewalk between each house, ending right behind Billy’s shoes. In the way of dreams, I was both experiencing the situation and observing myself from above. I remembered Billy telling me this story before. He liked to go to nice suburbs in good neighborhoods where he could walk right in, door after door after door. He was so good at killing, most people didn’t have a chance to scream. The neighbors never knew he was coming. I shook my head, tried to clear the dizziness. I knew this was a dream, yet everything seemed so damn real. I could smell the blood, hear my son singing, the baby crying, see Billy right in front of me, so alive. â€Å"You’re dead,† I said. He smiled and his teeth were red. â€Å"Do I look dead to you?† â€Å"Fuck,† I muttered. â€Å"Yeah, I thought we might. But first – â€Å" Billy turned toward my son and I launched myself at him. He smacked me in the chest with one arm, swatting me away as if I were nothing more than an irritating bug. I flew into Nic, who’d been right behind me, and we tumbled to the ground. I thought of the moon and got nothing, reached for a talisman that didn’t exist in this dimension, and realized with dawning horror that in this happy normal world, I wasn’t a werewolf. So I could do nothing but die. If it meant saving my family, I didn’t mind. However, Billy was still insane, even without the fur. He rounded on me, punching Nic in the face, sending him to the ground unconscious. My son, whatever his name was, continued to play as if nothing were happening. In the house, the baby wailed. â€Å"You aren’t normal, Doctor, and you never will be.† â€Å"I am. See?† I pointed to the house, the fence. He laughed, revealing those disgusting teeth again. â€Å"I’m your future.† â€Å"You’re dead,† I repeated. â€Å"I’ll never really be dead, because I’m all of them. No matter how many you kill, there’ll be more.† â€Å"What if I find a cure?† â€Å"We don’t want to be cured. We like the killing, the fear.† He leaned over, nuzzling my neck with his rank mouth. â€Å"The blood.† I struggled, but it was no use. He was stronger, crazier, and this was a nightmare. I couldn’t win. Just like life. Despair rushed through me. He was right; I’d never be normal, even if I found a cure. There’d always be more monsters. They’d always be after me. And I’d always carry the burden of the people I had killed. Unlike Billy, who’d never given a damn, even before he was a werewolf. â€Å"Well.† He lifted his head, shoved me hard enough to send me flying several feet, where I landed in the flower bed. â€Å"First things first. Kill the family, eat the baby, then fuck you. Ready?† His mouth grew fangs, his eyes went wolf as he fell on an unconscious Nic and – I came awake, heart pounding, all sweaty and alone in the night. For a minute I thought Billy was there, in the room with me, and a sob escaped. I stifled the sound. Billy would love my tears, had told me on many an occasion how he enjoyed licking them from the cheeks of his victims as they died. I shivered and pulled the blanket to my chin, eyes searching the room, nose twitching as I tested the air. Billy wasn’t here, of course. He was dead. I had killed him. The knowledge wasn’t as comforting as it should have been. How to cite Night Creature: Dark Moon Chapter Twenty Two, Essay examples

The War and Genocide in Darfur free essay sample

The conflict in Darfur officially started in February of 2003 when a rebel group launched an attack on Golo. This rebel group refers to themselves as Sudan Liberation Army (SLA). Not long after, another Darfur rebel group arose, identifying itself as the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM). The uprisings from the rebel groups, however, did not draw immediate reaction from the Sudanese Government. The turning point for the conflict which led to a war was the raid on al Fashir air base by both the Sudan Liberation Army and Justice and Equality Movement. According to Daly, 2010, military planes and helicopter gunships were destroyed, vehicles and weapons were seized, soldiers were killed and the base commander was captured. The SLA and JEM continued their attacks in Tine, Kutum and Mellit in May 2003. After the attack, the Sudanese government carried out a counter-insurgency campaign by coordinating a ‘special task force’ , composed of Arab militia men named Janjaweed. The Janjaweed militia was backed by government troops. Their task was to attack the Africans in Darfur and destroy their villages. The bombing of villages, rape and mass killing became the means to destroy the Africans in Darfur. Those who survived were displaced from their homes and moved into displacement camps in Sudan. However, assistance provided to the African survivors were minimal, the humanitarian aid workers were aggressively pressured and it was difficult to bring food and medicine supply into the camps. According to Hagan and Rymond-Richmond in 2009, more than 200, 000 displaced persons were pushed over the border into refugee camps in Chad. On the other side, the amount of deaths in Darfur varied. In fall of 2004, World Health Organization (WHO) estimated 70,000 deaths within seven months since the beginning of the war. However, this estimate is likely to only involve people who died in and around camps. On the other hand, the State Department’s Atrocities Document Survey (ADS) provided data on people who died in the attack but does not include people who died in the camps. To obtain a more accurate picture, Hagan and McCarty (2009) combined the WHO and ADS data. The result is at least 200, 000 people had died in Darfur and the amount could have reached to 400, 000. There were many parties involved in the war and genocide in Darfur but there were definitely only two sides. The first side is the rebel groups, they are Sudan Liberation Army and Justice and Equality Movement. The other side of the conflict is the Janjaweed and the government of Sudan and its troops. The Sudan Liberation Army (SLA) was first formed in 2002 by an alliance of Fur and Zaghawa with Abdel Wahid as its first chairman and Abdalla Abaker as its chief of staff. The SLA consisted of Zaghawa and Fur but their relation was sour. The inexperience leadership, disorganized infrastructure and tension and conflict within the SLA only made matters worse. By mid-2003, there were no longer communications made betwen the Zaghawa and the Fur resulting to division of the movement into two groups. After the death of Abdalla Abaker, Minnawi announced himself as the secretary general. There were then two factions of SLA – the SLA under Abdel Wahid and the SLA under Minnawi. The second group that entered the conflict in Darfur in 2003 was the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM). Its origin can be traced back to the mid-1990s. Having been marginalized, the Darfurians felt disappointed towards Islamist leaders in Sudan. The group consisted of mainly rebellious members of National Islamic Front in 1989. The JEM was formed in 2001 with Khalil Ibrahim as the leader holding the position of the chairman of the JEM. In response to the rebellion, the Sudanese government created a military force named Janjaweed which consisted of both Arab and Non-Arab groups. The Janjaweed became a ‘state security organs’ and the administrative system in Darfur became ‘military command’. They implemented a strategy where attacks would be made on African civilian in their towns and villages. Not only that, the Janjaweed was given a license to kill which allows them to kill and torture whoever they want with no limits imposed. The role of Sudanese government and its army would be to provide assistance to Janjaweed. This include from air support to cleaning up the crime scenes in Darfur. Despite the obvious proofs that genocide had taken place, the Sudanese government claimed that what happened was merely a counter-insurgency tactic to stop the rebellion and the blame was placed on the rebel groups. The rebel groups shared neither the same motivation nor the same goal. However, both SLA and JEM aimed to use armed rebellion as means to achieve their goals. For the SLA, the 1991 rebellion in Darfur convinced them to make changes in Darfur through armed rebellion. They were then motivated by the ideology of the ‘New Sudan’ and so were determined to make the ‘New Sudan’ as their goal. It was a concept suggested by Sudan People’s Liberation Army. It demanded a secular, democratic and decentralized government as well as equality in power and wealth. In contrast, the JEM was motivated by a document that was created in May 2000, The Black Book Imbalance of Power and Wealth in Sudan which gave a clear analysis of the underdevelopment of Darfur and the government’s lack of concern. The group’s goals were to call for ‘radical constitutional reform, regional empowerment and social democaracy’ excluding separation of state and religion. In contrast to SLA, their focus was on Sudan as a whole rather than solely on Darfur. The motivation behind the creation of Janjaweed by the Sudanese government was difficult to establish. The Sudanese government had repeatedly argued that its destructive behavior and violent attacks on civilians were merely counter-insurgency tactics. However, it is believed that racial intent is used as motivating factor behind the destruction of African groups in Darfur . Daly in 2010 described that the goals of the Sudanese government as well as its troops and Janjaweed were to destroy settlements and property, evacuation of the land by killing the men, women and children or stigmatizing the women by raping them, and forced displacement of the survivors. There were many factors that may have caused the uprisings in Darfur however its immediate cause were the African’s experience of being marginalized, invaded, exploited and neglected. It is reasonable to believe that the factors which led to the formation of rebel group had also resulted to the occurrence of the first event in the war in Darfur: the uprisings. Among the factors were political and economic marginalization experienced by the Darfurians as described in the Black Book. The Sudanese government did little attempt to help the economy of Darfur and the positions in government institution were mainly dominated by those from the Norths and Arabs. Another factor would be the increasing insecurity in Darfur caused by attacks on African villages carried out by Arab nomads. This was the main reason why the Zaghawa joined the Fur to form the SLA. The failure of the Sudanese government to solve the conflict between the Arabs and the African had resulted to a rebellion in 2003. The Sudanese government’s action escalated the rebellion turning it into a war and genocide. The government’s mistake was its failure to acknowledge the rebel groups and accept their demand. Furthermore, its decision to use the Janjaweed militia as a counter-insurgency tactic caused a creation of the ‘worst humanitarian crisis’. It is the way the Sudanese government reacted to the rebellion that based a basis of genocide in Darfur. Apart from the above factors, there were also other underlying factors that contribute to the conflict in Darfur. These factors existed long before the start of the rebellions in 2003. These factors include the drought in Darfur since the 1970s which caused a struggle of land and Arab supremacism in Darfur. Tensions between Africans and Arabs burst into violence when Darfur suffered from numerous droughts since the early 1970s. The increasing desertification had resulted to loss of produce, grazing land and livestock. This had caused conflict between the African farmers and Arab herders over territories and access to water. The droughts had forced the Arab herders to intrude on the lands of the African farmers causing a clash between them. The ethnic conflict was further intensified with the introduction of small arms that transformed the means of violence in Darfur. Favored groups were allowed to possess arms for the purpose of self-defense. Unfair policies were introduced to give legal protection to the Arabs and the policy itself undoubtedly showed favoritism towards the Arabs especially over matters relating to land. It is undeniable that the government had played a primary role in stimulating the ethnic conflict. In Darfur, the Arabs were often seen as superior to all others, which make those who are not Arab as inferior. The Arabs in Sudan dominated all aspect of life ranging from politics to social life. The relations between Arabs and Africans in Darfur became even tenser as the ideology of Arab supremacy led to ‘both the demonization and disenfranchisement of certain groups’ , in particular the Africans. One significant factor to include would probably be the disenfranchisement of Darfur. Darfur had been neglected by Sudan. Schools, medical facilities and the roads provided in Darfur were very minimal if compared to those provided in the north of Sudan. Even worst, there was no attempt to include the African in the politic and administration of Darfur or Sudan. The Africans have suffered discrimination, prejudice and exclusion. These sufferings might have added to the conflicts that turned into rebellions and then war and genocide in 2003. The case of Darfur had frequently been labeled as crime against humanity due to the pattern of mass killing in Darfur. Maier-Katkin et al in 2009 presented a theory to explain the crimes against humanity. There are 6 suggested factors as to how crimes against humanity could have occurred. The first factor is the development of societal strain and anger depression. Secondly, the formation of primary group affiliations where tensions emerged between two groups- between the self and the other, or most commonly known as between us versus them. The third factor is the socialization and normalization of idea in the primary group. The next factor is the continuation of the previous factor, socialization of individuals into roles within the group makes them more incline to conform and follow orders from the authority. The fifth factor is that the possibility of the occurrence of crimes against humanity when there is a technique of neutralization. Lastly, where the target or victim is not threatening, crimes are easier to commit. In the case of Darfur, the second, third, fifth and sixth factor could be applied to explain the crimes of humanity committed against the Africans. Tension had developed between the Africans and Arabs long before the start of the war in 2003. The two groups had always clashed and thus satisfying the second factor. Secondly, the belief of the people in Sudan and Darfur is that Arabs are always superior to the Africans which make the African less valuable to the country. This idea had been normalized into the life of every person in Sudan. Not only that, technique of neutralization had clearly been used by the Sudanese government and the Janjaweed. Racial epithets expressed toward the Africans were commonly heard during the attacks. This is an act of dehumanizing the victims. The sixth factor refers to the fact that the victims in the case of Darfur are civilian. They do not have the means to attack back and therefore no risk is associated with the perpetrators. Denials were used by the Government of Sudan in response to its Human Right violation. Stanley Cohen in 2001 presented 6 types of denial: denial of knowledge, denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of the victim, condemnation of the condemners, appeal to higher loyalty and moral indifference. It is possible that the Janjaweed and military forces of the Sudanese government had relied on the denial of responsibility and victim to justify their destructive actions. Whereas the Government of Sudan may have justified their action based on denial of knowledge, denial of victim and the condemnation of the condemners. Other than committing a crime against humanity, the Janjaweed had also committed crimes of obedience by following the order of Sudanese government to attack African civilian. No attempts were made to challenge the authority and the decision to obey was not done out of fright towards the government but was likely to be caused by hatred that developed between the ethnic lines.

Dna Fingerprinting Essays - Molecular Biology, Biometrics

Dna Fingerprinting DNA Fingerprinting DNA Fingerprinting is also referred to as DNA profiling and DNA typing. It was first developed as an identification technique in England in 1985. The original use was to expose the presence of any genetic diseases. About three years later it became used to identify criminals through the analysis of genetic material and to settle paternity disputes. It is still used for those reasons today. The DNA fingerprinting process is called gel electrophoresis. It is a process that can sort pieces of DNA according to its size. The process is done by taking samples of DNA from the crime scene and comparing it with samples from the accused. Samples are taken from biological materials like blood, semen, hair, and saliva. In the testing process the DNA samples are first entered into the wells in a gel like substance called Agarose. The gel is placed between two electrodes, one negatively charged and the other positively charged. The wells in the Agarose are inserted on the negative side because DNA has a negative charge. Molecules of DNA then travel in lanes toward the positive side. Small molecules will travel farther than the bigger ones, because they have an easier time moving through the gel. So the molecules will then be assorted according to their size. Next, the gel is X-rayed to see the parallel bands (showed by black bars on the film) in each lane. The separated molecules of DNA form a pattern of parallel bands that show the structure of the DNA. The pattern should never change for one person. In a court of law, the results of a DNA fingerprinting examination can be used to convict or acquit an accused person. If the accused's DNA matches the one at the crime scene then that person could be convicted. Critics believe that a DNA fingerprint may not yet be reliable enough to use in the court system. They question how accurate a DNA fingerprint is and the cost of it. They believe that it is not very accurate because only a segment of DNA is used and not the complete strand. A DNA fingerprint may not be unique. The confirmation of the uniqueness has not been confirmed yet. Also the process is done in private laboratories so the exact testing standards may not be followed and standardized quality controls may not be used. Human error can have false results if they do not use the exact testing standards with quality controls. The testing is very expensive and if the accused can't pay for the testing then they will not be able to defend themselves using the results of the test. Also a question is, will people misuse the process? A misuse that scares them is the unauthorized use of the database that will be created with the increasing use of the DNA fingerprint. An example of an unauthori zed use is identifying individuals with a genetic disease by looking up their personal profile without their permission. Cases Katie Hoskins at the age of 15 found the body of her murdered mother, Glenda Hoskins, inside a rolled up carpet in their loft. She was attacked by her former lover, Victor Farrant, while taking a bath. She was planning to end their three-year relationship. Before her attack she received a letter from Victor stating, take these instructions to be very serious. F*** me about or refuse to do anything I ask and you will be tied up and gagged. I will not repeat myself. You will not get a second chance. If I have to use any violence to get what I want, I will. It will make no difference to me, I'm going to get what I want either way. The choice is yours. Be good and willing to me and you will come to no harm. I will be gentle, but remember you must show willing and be responsive. In the investigation of her body they found that she was pulled by her ankles while in the tub so he could suffocate her under the water. It also turns out that he attempted to kill a prostitute, Ann Fidler, two w eeks before the death of Mrs. Hoskins. Mrs. Fidler was a prostitute who

Discipline, Stressors for Parents with Children and ADHD Essays

Discipline, Stressors for Parents with Children and ADHD Essays Discipline, Stressors for Parents with Children and ADHD Essay Discipline, Stressors for Parents with Children and ADHD Essay Imagine being stuck in traffic waiting to cross an intersection. You have an important meeting to attend and an absence may revoke your chance of a promotion. This particular traffic light takes longer than average to change green. As it finally turns green, the cars ahead of you ease off the brakes and slowly accelerate past the intersection. Not being aware of the light change, you are distracted by a nearby billboard sign. Finally you regain focus, Just as you are about to cross the intersection he traffic light turns red and you slam on the brakes. For some people this type of situation happens quite often and engrosses them with animosity throughout the day. There are many instances like this one which can hold adults and children back from Jobs, academic success, and many other things in life. This struggle is called Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Many children are diagnosed with this behavioral disorder every day. There are many articles written today which speak of the facts and struggles children with ADHD deal with. But many f the articles do not really speak much of how the parents cope with the daily stress. Only a handful of studies have addressed the question of how parents cope with stress. Why? This is only one of the many questions and curiosities which will be discussed in this editorial. Parents go through many types of stress raising children who have behavioral problems such as ADHD. As discussed in one of the four articles which will be assessed in this paper, authors William E. Pelham, Jr. PH. D. , and Alan R. Lang, PH. D. tates Children with ADHD often disregard parental requests, commands nd rules; fght with siblings; disturb neighbors; and have frequent negative encounters with school teachers and principals (Pelham and Lang, 272). Why would there not be more discussions on this topic of parental stress and how to cope with For example: Children who act out in a store and the parent is looked down on because he/she cannot control the child, if the child has ADHD or another behavi oral disability the problem is not visible to the naked eye. The public in general will Judge the parent because they cannot see a physical disability such as Down syndrome. Some parents may or may not cope well with this type of situation. Children with ADHD have impulse issues and sometimes cannot control their actions without medication and/or behavioral intervention. A recent article titled Behavioral and Emotional Outcomes of an In-Home Parent Training Intervention for Young Children written by Kristen Hurley, Annette Griffith, Kathryn Casey, Stephanie Ingram and Amy Simpson discuss how families need to be involved in home training techniques which help with behavioral training and to cope without medication. Yet author Susan Hawthornes article ADHD drugs: Values that drive the debate and decisions argues whether medication and intervention ot behavioral and discipline raining is better. Pharmaceutical companies pay off doctors to push the medication but, on the other hand many parents and children would not be able to cope with the daily stress which comes from the behavioral struggles of an ADHD adolescent. According to Hurley, Casey, Griffith, Ingram and Simpson Many children who engage in disruptive problem behavior tend to come from families who demonstrate inconsistent and punitive parenting practices, experience considerable stress, and have frequent changes in family structure (Hurley, Casey, Griffith, Ingram and Simpson 1). Children with ADHD who go through the in home training and who take medication seen huge improvements, although children who do not take the medication seen improvement, the improvement will be short term vs. he child who takes the medication along with the in-home training. It is a lot easier to manage a child who is not running all over the place and getting into things on a daily basis. Parents need to complete the training and practice to make the change or there will be no significant improvements. It has also been discussed for years parents should always be involved with their childrens schools one way or another. This would help out significantly with communication between the teacher and parents. Several professional psychiatrists believe ADHD is a mental disorder and can be treated with medication and parental training. However, there are a few professionals out there who believe ADHD is Just a label and can be treated with Just training. For example, the article Self Handicapping Prior to Academic- Oriented Tasks in Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Medication Effects and Comparisons with Controls, suggests stimulant medications influence self-handicapping (Waschbusch, Craig, Pelham Jr and King, 275). However, if you teach your child the medication is only to help with your education or focusing and their actions are their responsibility truthfully; it is not self- handicapping to give your child a stimulant or non-stimulant. All children with ADHD should not be in a home with corporal punishment or a lot of inconsistent parenting technique. They feed off of the inconsistency, not wanting to follow direction and will play both of the parents against each other. Parents need to be more aware of this and prepare so they can cope with this type of stress. In a study described in he article Can Your Child Drive You to Drink Pelham and Lang discuss, how the study strongly support the assumption the deviant child behaviors represent major chronic interpersonal stressors for parents of ADHD children are associated with increased parental alcohol consumption, thereby confirming a child-to-parent influence on the same relationship (Pelham and Lang 298). Can Your Child Drive You to Drink is a complete cop out it is a study which gives parents an excuse to drink and not deal with the problem. One could only wonder how to handle a child with ADHD on a daily basis, there isa variety of teaching recommendations and ave been suggested through the years for children with ADHD to get into physical activity environments. Teaching relaxation training and developing strategies to increase self-regulation, along with using positive verbal reinforcement. There are many behavioral therapies which can help with controlling the child when he/she is out of control. There needs to be more information out in the media for parents who need help dealing with their child even without ADHD. With all of the violence involving children these days there should be more resources to help cope with this stress. Many people do not know how to deal with their own emotions and nger let alone deal with a disruptive child on a daily basis. As the exploration of these articles show, there is significant discussion regarding how to help children cope, but very little on the parent perspective. This affects parents by not knowing what to do and in some results the parents using corporal punishment out of frustration. Many parents feel there is no-one listening. A change in how studies are done should be analyzed by physicians and psychiatrist because the effects on the child can be detrimental to their mentality, emotions and social skills. If the parent cannot cope very well. There is hope with greater awareness on how parents cope with the stress and giving the right tools and information it will help parents deal more appropriately. Authors Harvey, Fagan and Kassis state, A few major outcomes might be achieved with combining use of social skills training and the empathy approach (Harvey, Fagan and Kassis 34). This is true, positive encouragement is used in many mental health clinics in the US. Bad behavior is Just as noticeable as good behavior if you shine a light on it. So if there is a light shined on the good behavior maybe the bad behavior will dissipate making less stress on he parent and the child. No one said it would be easy to raise a child and being a parent dont come with a manual. So the next time you are in a store or somewhere in public and you see a child who may be out of control try not to think Oh my! Look at the parent not controlling their child think, Maybe there is a reason why it is hard to control their child. Remember, Just because this disability is not visible to the naked eye it does not mean it is not there. Work Cited Pelham,William E. , Jr, and Alan R. Lang. Can Your Children Drive You to Drink? Alcohol Research and Health 23. 4 1999): 292-8. ProQuest. web. 13 NOV. 2013. Hurley, Kristin Duppong, et al. Young Children. Journal of At-Risk Issues 16. 2 (201 1): 1-7. Harvey, William J. , Terrance Fagan, and Jean Kassis. Enabling Students with ADHD to Use Self-Control in Physical Activities. Palaestra summer 2003: 32-5. ProQuest. web. 7 NOV. 2013. Waschbusch, Daniel A. , et al. Self-Handicapping Prior to Academic Oriented Tasks in Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Medication Effects and Comparisons with Controls. Journal of abnormal child psychology 35. 2 (2007): 275-86. ProQuest. web. 7 NOV. 2013.

Long-Range Planning in the Present World Environment Assignment

Long-Range Planning in the Present World Environment - Assignment Example Terror attacks, war, and nuclear dilemmas facing the world were additional topics requiring brainstorming at the event. Former U.S. President Clinton maintained that climate change is the only crisis "that has the power to end the march of civilization as we know it." Otherwise, "There is no reason for pessimism," declared Jeroen van der Veer, chief executive of Royal Dutch Shell (Environment News Service 2006). A Dutch managing director claimed that 'long-range planning is nowadays seen as an academic exercise' given that the times are uncertain and the environment turbulent. We have heard that the polar ice cap was depleted by a staggering fourteen percent between the years 2004 and 2005. Now if another Ice Age was to commence in six to seven years and we were sure that this would happen, companies could do away with long-range planning. Since there is no definite date for the end of the world, however, companies must do what they have always done - plan and forecast. Yes, there are forces beyond the control of people of the world. Besides, threats of violence around the globe have not been put to an end. We have already witnessed the effects of war and terror on the economic state of the world. Still, uncertainty has always been the present state of the world. ... Companies of all sizes continue to operate everywhere on earth. Life is going on without any surety as to what would happen in five to ten years' time. Natural disasters do occur and both small and large companies do lose a lot of money. Firms die and new ones are born. CEO's retire and younger ones take their place. Nevertheless, companies must continue to make long term plans about running their businesses as productively as possible, taking into account the external factors that could disturb the process in between. No company can survive with its focus on a big scale disaster. Therefore, businessmen would go on making budgets and deciding how to increase their sales over the coming years. Short and long term planning combined is the lifeblood of all firms and would be carried on for as long as the earth endures. Furthermore, today's business environment is fast changing because of innovations in technology. Companies must be taking into account all factors that spell change whils t planning; these factors not only include technology but also forces that the world does not fully understand at this point in time. As Gordon C. Robbins (1995) puts it, "A good deal of organizational planning . . . is like a ritual rain dance. It has no effect on the weather that follows. . . . Much of the advice related to planning is directed at improving the dancing, not the weather." Long-Range Planning Business planning has two aspects: quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative planning is number crunching based on market reports, for example. Qualitative plans, on the other hand, consist of descriptions and explanations. A long-range business plan includes both qualitative and quantitative aspects. It is the qualitative aspect that

Healthcare Finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Healthcare Finance - Assignment Example This saves time and resources dedicated to budgeting (Shim, Siegel & Shim, 2012). Top-down approach also minimizes unnecessary spending by the various departments and helps streamline an organization’s accounting processes. This further helps an organization to stay financially firm while avoiding cost overruns. This is unlike the bottom up approach where departments make their own budgets and pass them to the upper executives. The major risk that comes with this approach is the possibility of experiencing cost overruns, which can be financially damaging (Shim, Siegel & Shim, 2012). By leaving the responsibility of budgeting to the upper management, chances of costs overruns are greatly reduced. A top-down approach can also be used to help departments know what is expected of them. Each department is allocated a budget according to the expectations of the organization on that department. This is ideal in a situation where an organization wants to reduce on its

The role of technology Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The role of technology - Research Proposal Example According to him it is the driving force behind the major social and cultural adaptations. This paper seeks to evaluate the various technological factors that affect a great deal in altering the social structure and cultural trends. The facets where these factors bring evident alteration are also identified and explored and discussed in this study. Culture does not have a stringent definition. It is rather more of a concept which defines the collective practices, perceptions and doings of individuals constituting a social group. The magnitude of a social group while defining culture varies to all extents. It might be a culture within an organization, a city/town or a whole nation. What holds importance is the common ground that gives birth to a particular trend in culture. However, the trends and extension of culture is not the point of relevance here. What this paper attempts to evaluate is that how changes are brought in a culture and what are the channels which bring these changes as well the facets where these changes are felt the most. We can trace the effects of technology on culture through history but the study focuses the effect of technology on culture in the current scenario. Internet, email, television and mobile phones are some of the aspects that have revolutionized the way we think, act and live our lives in the past few decades. Now man is no more bounded by limitation in any facet of life. He has got access to any place, individual or happening since things now are just a few clicks away and very easy to approach. These inventions were just not mere creations which were going to be totally replaced by some other thing later on. On the other hand, they have developed into mediums which are now borrowing heavily from even the slightest of cultural trends and social needs. These inventions have progressed and developed themselves to be tools which have got their own self prevailing mechanisms. They tune themselves towards the needs of the public and boomerang them back to the society after injecting them with self formulated mechanisms. The impact of internet in reshaping our social and communal lives has been vastly debated by L. Siegel (2009) in his work Against the Machine: How the Web Is Reshaping Culture and Commerce": And Why It Matters. He comments that everything from every day living to shopping and business has been modified itself according to the web. Results & Discussions The modern day technology has grasped all of us in a way that we can not opt to live outside its sphere. Individual independence along with knowledge and awareness has considerably increased. The speed and accuracy for things have remarkably increased along with the ease in handling stuff. On a general level, people are becoming more and more alienated from social groupings and getting confined to their own zones. Each person is equipped and occupied with his own virtual world and real time interaction and actions have

Auditing Is The Accumulation And Evaluation Of Evidence Accounting Essay

Auditing Is The Accumulation And Evaluation Of Evidence Accounting Essay Auditing is the accumulation and evaluation of evidence about information to determine and report on the degree of correspondence between the information and established criteria. Auditing should be done by a competent, independent party and communicate the results to interested users. (Elder, and others, 2007, p .4) The purpose of audit is to enable the auditor to express an opinion whether the financial statements present a true and fair view in accordance with the identified financial reporting framework, and will enhance the credibility of financial statements. Audits can improve a companys efficiency and profitability by helping the management better understand their own work and financial system. The management, as well as the shareholders, suppliers and financers, is assured that the risks in the organization are well-studied, and effective systems are in place to handle them. Furthermore, audit can identify areas in an organizations financial structure that need improvement, and how to implement the proper changes and adjustments. It uncovers inaccuracies and discrepancies within an organizations records, which may be indications of weak financial organization or even internal fraud, and reduce the risks. (Auditing, n.d.) At present corporate scandals and fraud continues to be a pervasive problem and is very common across the world. However these scandals and fraud are so massive that every time many people especially employees of the company lose their jobs and investors are bearing from major losses in these incidents. Corporate fraud is any fraud committed against a business and is used to include many different wrongs that may occur within a business. Corporate fraud takes many forms, including insider trading, embezzlement, false billing schemes, securities fraud and forgery, Asset misappropriation fraud, Business opportunity fraud, Employment fraud, Short and long firm fraud, Employee fraud etc. Among the most dangerous forms of corporate fraud is known as long firm fraud, which occurs when a business is founded on legitimate grounds, and then lead by certain unethical individuals toward a purpose of defrauding over a long time. (Corporate fraud, n.d.) It is difficult to expect such scandals prior to the exposure as these involve complex methods for misusing funds, overstating revenues, understating expenses, etc. According to studies conducted in the United States, United Kingdom and Australia (2010) states that corporate fraud increased in the previous 12 months and economic conditions have w orsened. The studies also found that the dollar amount lost to fraud also had increased as well. The study conducted by Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE, 2009) estimated that fraud cost U.S organizations 7 percent of annual revenues, or $ 994 billion in losses based on 2008 gross domestic product. Although financial statement fraud less frequent, however it typically involved more than $ 2 million. Simultaneously, in the United Kingdom KPMGs Fraud Barometer found  £1.3 billion of fraud in 2009. National head of forensic Gary Gill (2010) states that 2009 Australia KPMGs Fraud Barometer found million in major fraud cases. And they highlighted that although the number of cases remain same compared to first to second half of 2009, the value or cost of the fraud doubled. This could weaken investors and shareholders confidence. In order to prevent or reduce from corporate fraud auditors do have a duty to detect errors and fraud hence auditors need to ensure that the financial statements are presented in true and fair view in accordance with the identified financial reporting framework. This research will assist the auditors to find out what they can be done or what would be their responsibility to reduce the massive corporate fraud which, is rapidly spreading around the world. Auditors obtain a reasonable assurance that financial statements are free of material misstatement caused by error or fraud. One of the challenges faced by the auditor in detecting fraud is the independence of the auditor. Some companies management will not allow the auditor to act with integrity and exercise objectivity and professional skepticism. The other challenge faced by the auditor is that the management does not provide sufficient information to detect the fraud. The auditors would not get enough supporting documents to prove that whether the transactions are correctly recorded. Maintaining public trust is also one of the challenges that auditors would face, hence the public has raised the question as to whether audit functions can be trusted, after financial statement fraud committed by big companies such as Enron, Tyco, and World.com. In order to prevent such problems from occurring, this research has been conducted in order to help auditors to enhance audit quality, preve nt and detect potential fraud before it is too late. Brief description of project objectives. (i.e. scope of proposal, constructs used, limitations and significance) Andrew Marshal (2009) said that when it comes to corporate fraud, nowhere is safe, hence there are fraud scandals occurring everywhere in the world. CPA Journal (2008) estimated that a typical organization loses 5 percent of its annual revenues to fraud, or about $ 4,500 per employee each year. Furthermore the CPA Journal (2008) states that most frauds involve a lack of adequate internal controls (opportunity), the need to maintain an expensive lifestyle or pressure to meet goals (incentive), and the perpetrators lack of awareness that their actions are wrong (self-rationalization) or simple lack of integrity. However, investors expect auditors to give them absolute assurance for detecting material misstatement due to fraud. The majority of investors want from an audit absolute assurance the financial statements are free of all types of material misstatement. The main objective or the aim of this research will be on how and what are the methods that auditors can contribute to minimiz e material misstatements from financial statements and reduce corporate fraud. The other objective of this research is to identify the difficulties in detecting corporate fraud and how to enhance audit quality. Besides that this research will evaluate the gaps in internal controls and how auditors can come out with a financial statement without any biasness. Scope of the Study The scope of this study will concentrate on auditors and their responsibilities towards the public. In addition it will focus on fraud awareness, fraud risk and the corporate governance in the organization. Furthermore this study will focus on the abilities and the knowledge which auditors should have to accomplish their obligations. Limitations of the Study The limitations of this research will be the difficulty in collecting primary data; hence this research will be conducted with face-to-face structured interviews and a survey questionnaire. The time limit for the interview may not be enough based on the availability of the participants, therefore interview has to be scheduled for the availability of participants. Significant of the Study This research will facilitate the auditors to maintain public trust and will enhance audit quality. By enhancing audit quality auditors can reduce the corporate fraud and make the companies trustworthy. When audit quality is enhanced auditors will be more responsible in detecting and preventing fraud. And auditors will perform their work more carefully as a result the companies will not experience financial trouble or difficulties. This research will gather information about how corporate frauds can be reduced and auditors as a key people who needs this information to be applied in the corporate world to reduce corporate fraud. Brief description of the models/theories/concepts that will be used in this proposal. (i.e. consumer behaviourism model, CSF and etc.) This project does not require any concepts, theories or models to be used in the process of doing it. E Academic research being carried out and other information, techniques being learnt. (i.e. literature what are the names of books you are going to read / data sets you are going to use) The books that this research will use are Audit and Assurance Books, Internal and External Auditing books. Magazines, online articles and journals which are related to corporate fraud and auditors will be used. Journals include such as Audit disaster futures: antidotes for the expectation gap by Fran M. Wolf, James A. Tackett and Gregory A. Claypool. And CPA journals such as Auditors responsibilities with respect to fraud: a possible shift. In addition this research will use the Audit firms reports such as KPMG. Other relevant sources include: http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5AJ03S20091120 http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN1717856320100317 http://www.bobsguide.com/guide/news/2009/Nov/20/Corporate_accounting_fraud_increasing_around_the_world.html http://www.kpmg.com/AU/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/Press-Releases/Pages/Press-release-fraud-doubles-16-Feb-10.aspx http://www.irs.gov/compliance/enforcement/article/0,,id=213768,00.html http://www.anonymousemployee.com/csssite/sidelinks/corporate_fraud.php http://www.procurement.travel/news.php?cid=corporate-fraud-rises-employees-layoffs-economy.Mar-10.31 http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=868441show=html Brief description of the materials/methodologies needed by the proposal. (i.e. data collection methods, sampling, sample size and target group etc.) The data for this research is intended to be covered from Malaysia. Primary data will be collected from listed companies and Audit firms of Malaysia. Data will be collected with the help of questionnaires and interviews. Face-to-face structured interviews will be carried out. The interview will be kept short to respect the time constrains of the participants, hence would not be exceeding 30 minutes. Where clarification is required, further follow-up interviews can be carried out over telephone or e-mail where necessary. A total of 150 questionnaires would be prepared and distributed to the employees of listed companies of Malaysia and Certified Public Accountants (CPA) of Malaysia. The questionnaire would also be distributed to the shareholders for the listed companies of Malaysia and other employees who are working in financial institutions as well. The questionnaires would be more closed ended structured while there would be some open ended questions included as well. Most of the secondary data will be taken from online journals, Emerald, other websites and Athens database. G Brief description of the evaluation and analysis proposed for this project. (i.e. project deliverables and hypothesis, correlation test etc) Hypothesis of the Research This research would benefit the Audit firms, public and private limited companies and shareholders and stakeholders of the public companies. This research not only benefits to Audit firms, public and private companies, but for the public as a whole. The hypothesis testing would show the effect and the changes of audit quality. This hypothesis testing would be the relationship between internal auditors and the external auditors, being independent between the internal auditors would assist the external auditors to work independently and detect fraud and prevent them re-occurring. In addition this research would expect that there is a relationship between internal control and the audit quality and relationship between audit ethics and audit procedures that the external auditors carried out. Deliverables The end result of this research would provide empirical information to all auditors and the top management of the company. Especially this information would facilitate the directors to come out with reliable financial statement to its users. This research will provide theoretical information to all the directors and to the management of the company in order to prevent the financial statements from misstatement and fraud. This information helps the company from losing billions of dollars per year from corporate fraud and will safeguard the shareholders interest and the stake holders of the company. H. Illustration of how this project will benefit the future employability Relevance to Industry All the accounting and financial industries will benefit from this research. As an audit firm this research will help both enhancing the audit quality and will facilitate the new methods to detect fraud and will encourage new audit firms to perform the audit with due care. Auditing is one of the challenging works which assist the auditors to use their knowledge and experience and at the same time the new auditors will learn and gain experience in the audit field and would learn new methods on detecting frauds. This research would benefit all the corporations to minimize their corporate fraud cost. Significance to Modules This research is directly related to Audit and Assurance, Forensic Accounting. And also somehow this research is related to corporate governance as well.

A Comparison of Individual Responsibility in Oedipus Rex and A Dolls H

Individual Responsibility in Oedipus Rex and A Doll's House    In Sophocles' Oedipus Rex and Ibsen's A Doll's House, the main characters - Nora and Oedipus, are both constructed to illustrate flaws in society.   Oedipus' psychological evolution sees him begin as an all-powerful, righteous king, who seemingly through no fault of his own murders his father and marries his mother.   His evolution ends with his self-blinding, an action which Sophocles' uses to establish the true freedom of the individual before divine authority.   In A Doll's House, the development of Nora Helmer leads her from believing that she is happily married to realizing that she is a mere possession for her husband's entertainment.   By her decision at the end of the play to leave her family and explore her own self-identity, Ibsen is insinuating that concern for oneself is far from selfish; it is in fact a supreme duty.   Both plays introduced new waves of thought into society, and proved that freedom and justice are essentially matters of individual decision and responsibility.1 King Oedipus is introduced in Oedipus Rex as the charming, courageous, and all powerful king of Thebes.   In the opening sequence of the play, Oedipus is approached by his citizens, led by a priest, who asks him to find the source of the plague which is devastating their city.   He praises Oedipus as "King of the land, our greatest power,"[ln. 15] and then goes on to describe the dire situation the townspeople find themselves in, which includes stillborn babies and pestilence.   Sophocles uses this conversation between Oedipus and the priest to establish Oedipus' grandeur, as can be seen in by the Priest's plea to Oedipus: Now we pray to you.   You cannot equal the gods, your chi... ...g. 138 5 Knox, Bernard.   Sophocles - The Three Theban Plays.   Pg. 139 6 Ibid.   pg. 138 7 ln. 269-279 8 ln. 469-474 9 Salome, Lou.   Ibsen's Heroines 10 Ibsen, Henrik.   A Doll's House.   Pg. 30 11 Salome, Lou.   Ibsen's Heroines.   Pg. 48 12 Ibsen, Henrik.   A Doll's House.   Pg. 54 13 Salome, Lou.   Ibsen's Heroines.   Pg. 48 14 Ibid.   Pg. XV 15 Ibid.   Pg. 63 16 Ibsen, Henrik.   A Doll's House - Pg. XVI 17 ln. 1395-1405 18 MacFarlane, James.   Ibsen and Meaning - Studies, Essays, and Prefaces.   Pg. 248 19 Ibsen, Henrik.   A Doll's House   Pg. 99 20 Winnington Ingram, R.P.   Fate in Sophocles.   Pg. 134 21 Knox, Bernard.   Sophocles - The Three Theban Plays.   Pg. 149 22 ln. 1467-71 23 MacFarlane, James.   Ibsen and Meaning - Studies, Essays, and Prefaces.   Pg. 245 24 Ibid.   Pg. 250 25 Ibid.   Pg. 250   

If u forget me †Pablo Neruda Essay

â€Å"If you forget me† is one of the most famous poems by Pablo Neruda. Despite it was written around a century ago, the poem is still very popular nowadays. As love is a never ending topic, â€Å"If you forget me† with the main themes of passionate love and sacrifaction has become a living moral for many people. The sentimental sonnet is the confession of a man to his lover, saying how much he loves her and willing to sacrifice for her. The poem opens with a very short stanza of two lines. The use of punctuation immediately creates a dearing atmosphere and brings the audience closer to the speaker. A list of evocative objects follows in the second stanza. â€Å"Silver moon†, â€Å"red branch†, â€Å"slow autumn† bring up a sense of peace and calm. â€Å"Fire†, â€Å"impalpable ash†, â€Å"wrinkle log† evoke something passionate and strong, yet soft and tender. All of them remind the speaker of his love, all of them just to show how much he loves her: â€Å"As if everything that exists/ Aromas, light, metal/ Were little boats/ That sail/ Toward those isles of yours that wait for me†. Pablo uses metaphor to describe his lover. She is referred to as â€Å"isles† that are waiting for him. He hopes that she loves him just as he does and will always be there for him. Describing the speaker’s feelings as â€Å"little boats† that are floating toward her isles, Pabblo has created a beautiful and unique imagery. The rhyme of the poem suddenly changes at the beginning of the third stanza, creates a swift in tone of the speaker. â€Å"If† is repeated at the beginning of the next three stanzas, followed by presuppositions about his girlfriend not loving him anymore, then his reaction will be definitive. If she stops loving him, he will do the same. If she forgets him, he will forget her first. If she leaves him, he will has left already. It might sound apathetic at first, but decoding the use of metaphor in the sixth stanza reveils how much his love is for her, underlying within his bitter tone. He himself is described as a tree. In the heart are his roots. All the love will go there and he is living from it and because of it. Without this love he wouldn’t be himself. The last metaphor is that he is describing other girls, potential girlfriends, as another land. He will seek there if his present girlfriend will forget him. this is significant because the hardest thing to do is to let the person you love go and face the truth. The speaker, promising himself to move on, has shown that his love for her is stronger than any spoken words. The last stanza is probably the most important one, where his deepfelt sentiment is shown clearest. Very short lines are put at the beginning of the stanza. Punctuation once again has immediate impacts on the tone and mood. Despite his lover’s betrayal, at any moment if she changes her mind, he will always be willing to take her back again, as if they have never been detached. Determination is expressed by the quick pace, whereas love and caring is shown in longer lines. Pablo Neruda has composed a stunning piece of his most sincere confessions. A variety of language techniques is used throughout the poem. Imagery, connotation and metaphor are the key devices that contribute to the success of â€Å"If you forget me†. The poem leaves the audience a lingering feeling after they have long finished reading it.

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George Orwells 1984, Anthony Burgess A Clockwork Orange, and Siegfried Sassoons The Hero Essays

George Orwells 1984, Anthony Burgess A Clockwork Orange, and Siegfried Sassoons The Hero Essays George Orwells 1984, Anthony Burgess A Clockwork Orange, and Siegfried Sassoons The Hero Paper George Orwells 1984, Anthony Burgess A Clockwork Orange, and Siegfried Sassoons The Hero Paper Essay Topic: 1984 George orwell Literature A dystopia does not pretend to be good, while an anti-utopia appears to be utopian or was intended to be so, but a fatal flaw or malefactor has perverted it (Maven Word of the day). Far to often these two terms are thought to be synonymous. Although they are similar, as said in the quotation above, there is a difference between dystopias and anti-utopias. The concept of an anti-utopia is quite prevelant in George Orwells 1984, Anthony Burgess A Clockwork Orange, and Siegfried Sassoons The Hero. The lifestyle somebody leads may seem to people to be acceptable, fun, or even create the illusion of a utopia, when in actuality their actions either wind up hurting themselves or the ones they love. The danger of false allies can also tie in with this concept; somebody who is making a character feel safe, may actually be a person who would do nothing to hinder the characters demise, or even be the one plotting it. Characters take actions that they think will improve their situations, but deluded by hubris they often cannot. Rather than free them their actions put them in jeopardy. : The protagonist of each work I discuss, Winston in 1984, Alex in A Clockwork Orange, and Jack in The Hero deludes himself that he can create a utopia when in reality in each case misguided actions lead to death or imprisonment. The feeling of leading a self-beneficial lifestyle is often a misleading one. For example in the poem The Hero, Jack, who is the war hero in the poem, decides to go away to war. Jack fell as hed have wished, the mother said. (Sassoon, S. The Hero) This quote is expressing Jacks patriotism, and how he wished to die for his country. This also implies that Jack was excited to go to war, and viewed it as a positive thing, or even fun, to go and fight for his country. When he got there he was nothing but horrified, this is made obvious in this passage from the poem: He thought how Jack, cold-footed, useless swine/ Had panicked down the trench that night the mine. The battlefield was initially viewed as a glorious place to be, and an excellent way to serve your country, but in actuality is a horrifying, dreadful place that will do nothing but generate violence, and many senseless deaths. In saying this, this was is a place made out to be a utopia, but in actuality, it is an anti-utopia. In A Clockwork Orange the main character, Alex leads his life of crime knowing that nothing bad will come happen to him, because he has his droogies behind him. Not only his close circle, but also people around the town willing to create an alibi for him and his friends. He loves his criminal lifestyle simply because it feels good. It is not for the money that he does these horrible things, it is simply for the pleasure it gives him. Anything that gives somebody that much freedom, and that much pleasure is clearly a perfect world to them. This was Alexs perfect world. Oh just keep walking I said. And viddy what turns up, oh my little brothers. (Burgess, A. 6) Here Alex is assuring his droogs that they will be able to perform some ultra-violence that night. This illustrates how much they love this life of crime and that the four of them get gratification from their violent acts. While being violent, committing rape, and dishing out horrorshow tolchocks, these kids feel invincible. Little to Alexs knowledge, his acts will eventually lead to him being beaten by his victims, and tortured by the very people he hurts to in the construction of his own apparent utopia. This of course would change his little world from a place where everything is perfect, to a place where things only seem to be as such, and actually are horrible for little Alex. People begin to turn on him, and he loses his control over his droogies and society. At this point even his closest friends are contemplating a mutiny in their group. Once Alex is reformed, and unable to commit the ugly deeds that used to give him so much pleasure, he is still viewed by society as a hell-raising monster. People that he has done wrong unto in the past seek out revenge upon him. Even his parents have replaced him, and have a lodger living in his bed. Alexs actions that used to bring him such great joy are now the cause of his great emotional and physical pain. In 1984 the protagonist Winston Smith, is a very depressed fellow, due to the oppression of his government. He, much like Jack from The Hero, and Alex from A Clockwork Orange, chooses not to follow a boring lifestyle. Instead he searches for something that will bring them some excitement and happiness, something that will give them the illusion of a perfect world. Winston however seeks love out as his saviour from the cage that is life in 1984. He meets a girl named Julia, and he falls in love with her. Of course he never shows this in public, out of fear that a telescreen, or the thought police may see him. Once he meets this girl, she changes him; she gives him the incentive to rebel and have fun. He becomes very interested in the secret brotherhood, and the demise of the INGSOC party. When speaking to OBrien, whom Winston suspects runs the brotherhood, Winston says: We believe that there is some kind of conspiracy, some kind of secret organisation working against the party, and that you are involved in it. We want to join it and work for it. We are enemies of the party. (Orwell, G. 177) This only shows how intent he is on escaping his life of imprisonment, and to attain some amount of freedom. He spills out his beliefs in hopes that OBrien shares them, when if he didnt, it would be the end of Winston, the thought police would take him away. He wants so badly for this brotherhood to be real that he acts as though it is, even when the consequences could be fatal. When the telescreen is turned off, Winston feels free to say what he wants. This has created an anti-utopia. This is an anti-utopia because Winston thinks he is safe from the eyes of the party, but really he is being watched, and OBrien is a member of the thought police. This belief in his temporary perfect world leads to his capture by the thought police. Just as Jack believed his world was perfect, and Alex believed his world was perfect, their over confidence in their lifestyles leads to the end of them. Often individuals can be lured into anti-utopias by people who give them a false sense of security. These people are called false allies. In all three of the pieces of literature being discussed, the protagonist has false allies who lead to their demise. In The Hero Jack went away to war, with hopes of serving his country, and making a difference. During WWI there was a lot of propaganda making going away to war look like a fun thing to do, and not only that, but the right thing to do. There were no warnings that one may die at war, or that it was a dangerous thing to do. The government, and the army, who are ones who created this propaganda, created a anti-utopia for the soldiers, making them think that they were going away to have fun, and to fight for their country. In reality, these men were going away to live with diseases and poverty, and would most likely die. how hed tried/ To get sent home, and how, at last, he died/ Blown to small bits. And no one seemed to care (Sassoon, S. The Hero) This quote shows how little the government and the officers cared about the soldiers, all they cared about was getting a lot of them. They had no interest in their well being. They led the young soldiers to their deathbed, by advertising the war as something positive and glorious, and not warning people of the risks. In A Clockwork Orange, Alex encounters many false allies; probably the best example of this is Dr. Branom and Dr. Brodsky. Prior to Alex being exposed to the awful films and torture that they give him, they make this new treatment out to be nothing but a quicker way to get out of jail and to be reformed. When Alex asks what is in store for him, they never tell him that it is going to be painful, or how it will affect him. Alex asks what the new treatment consists of and Dr. Branom simply answers Its quite simple, really. We just show you some films. (Burgess, A. 73) Although this is not a lie per-se, because they do show him films, it is very misleading. Branom makes it sound as though he is just going to watch a couple of nice movies. Really the films Alex is going to watch are ones that will torture him, make him sick to his stomach, and take away his free will. The two doctors did not care about the mental or physical health of Alex; they only cared about making a name for themselves, and making advancements in science. The misleading information that they gave to Alex made the treatment appeal to him, and so he went through with it. He had trust in these doctors, and believed they had saved him from the awful prison and brought him to a better place. I lay on the bed thinking this was like real heaven (Burgess, A. 74). This is a quote by the narrator, Alex, speaking about this new facility he was in, the doctors made him think that this place was great, in hopes that he would help them in their research. Their plan works. They had duped Alex into thinking that they were his allies, thus an anti-utopia was created. He had signed papers and now he was theirs to do with whatever they wanted. In 1984, Winston finds a junk shop where he can buy things from the past, and try to figure out what went on before the rule of INGSOC and Big Brother. Inside this shop, was a humble, and caring little shop owner, by the name of Mr. Charrington. This man seems to support Winston, and his rebellious life-style, and empathises with his hate for the party. He gains Winstons trust by showing him the room upstairs. When Charrington takes Winston to the upstairs. Winston observes: Theres no telescreen! he could not help murmuring. Ah said the old man, I never had one of those things. (Orwell, G. 100-101) By telling Winston that there is no telescreen, he implies that Winston is safe, and this room could be somewhat of a sanctuary for him. This leads Winston into later renting the room out and living there with his mistress. In actuality there is a telescreen in this room, it is just hidden behind a picture. Also, M r. Charrington is actually not the kindly old man he makes himself out to be. He is nothing more than a deceitful, dishonest pawn used by Big Brother to catch Winston and Julia. Charrington pretending to be a comrade and an ally of Winstons leads him into becoming over confident thinking he is free from all worries in his room, and eventually being detained and brainwashed by the thought police in the ministry of love. Going away to war can be viewed as an act of confidence. You would never go anywhere where there were to be deaths, if you were thinking you were going to be the one dying. Therefore I can conclude that when Jack went off to war, he probably was confident that his country was far superior, and he was to come out unharmed. Overconfident people are more likely to wage in war, but fare worse in the ensuing battles mentally healthy people can have highly optimistic predictions, or positive illusions in present day, optimism may wreak havoc on international relations (Khamsi, R. Overconfidence is a Disadvantage at War) When Jack was in the trenches, it was not at all what he had expected. He was not prepared for such a gruesome experience. The fact that he was ill prepared for war, made him panic. Had panicked down the trench that night the mine/ Went up at Wicked Corner; how hed tried/ To get sent home, and how, at last, he died (Sassoon, S. The Hero) This passage tells about how Jack panicked in the trenches, and died because of it. Since his ill preparation was due to his over confidence, and his panic due to his ill preparation, and his death due to his panic, it was Jacks own hubris that killed him. He had created a perfect world of heroic adventures for himself in his mind, and then when he was actually in this world, it was one of horrible terrifying experiences, thus an anti-utopia. Jack, like Alex, and Winston, had embraced the utopian idea that he could control the world around him and, like the others, is destroyed when it becomes clear that he in fact has no control over his situation. Alex, after having his authority questioned the night before, in a heated discussion sparked when he struck the largest of his three droogies, he wanted to show why he was the boss. He and his three droogs had decided to do some ultra violence on an old ladys home. After a failed attempt at getting her to open the door by pretending they had a wounded man with them, Alex decided he would gain entry another way. He told his droogs he would get in, and then open the door for them, so they could all partake in the ultra violence. Once Alex got inside, he was having second thoughts about his plan. I thought to myself that I would show these fickle and worthless droogs of mine that I was worth the whole three of them and more. I would do all on my oddy knocky. I would perform the old ultra-violence on the starry ptitsa and on her pusspots if need be, then I would take fair rookerfuls of what looked like real polezny stuff and go waltzing to the front door and open up showering gold and silver on my waiting droogs. They must learn all about leadership. (Burgess, A. 46) This is an example of Alex getting cocky, which he did quite often, however, this time Alex did not achieve the outcome he expects. Without his droogies with him, Alex had no backup. When he tried to attack the homeowner, he slipped in a saucer of her cats milk, and he was caught off guard. He was beaten about the head, and it was quite hard for him to overcome the woman. Although he did win the battle, when he went to flee, the police had shown up, and his so called droogs had left him all on his oddy knocky for the police to pick him up. Had Alex not been so cocky, and let his droogs in as planned, the job would have gone smoother, and he would have gotten away in time. Instead he figured things would be perfect if he went in all alone, and did this by himself. He failed to see the downfall of his plan, all he saw was what could go right, making this situation seem somewhat of a utopia, he would get to perform ultra violence, and he would gain the respect of his droogies back. What Alex didnt see was what actually happened, he was blind to the downfalls of his plan, making this situation actually an anti-utopia. Alexs own hubris led him to being incarcerated by the police, and eventually brainwashed. Unlike Alex, who delighted in brutal, theatrical public self-assertion, Winston had always been a very secretive person. Winston had always been a very secretive person, living in the shadows, fearing and knowing, that the telescreens would one day catch him either writing in his diary, or perhaps doing something even more severe. Winston could hide from it long enough to write in his diary even though he knew he would get caught eventually(No Listed Author, Satire In 1984) After he learned of the room above Mr. Charringtons shop that had no telescreen, he believed he had found a safe haven. He and Julia knew that they were safe there; because there was no way that the party could be watching them. They did everything and anything the party was against here, they were free to do whatever their heart desired. This room was their getaway place, somewhere where everything was perfect, they believed it to be their utopia. But we must remember that the word Utopia comes from the Greek word meaning no place or place that does not exist. This was far to good to be true. One day while having a conversation in the room they heard a voice, a cold strong voice saying You are the dead. This startled them, and they were instantly stiff with fear. It was then that the picture of a church fell and they saw a telescreen. They then realized that this whole time there had been a telescreen present, they were being watched this whole time. They also then realized that Mr. Charrington was part of the thought police. The two lovers were then brought to the ministry of love, and brainwashed. There little room was an anti-utopia, it seemed to be a utopia, but it was actually quite the opposite. Hubris led to the inevitable demise of these two lovers, they were too confident in their safe haven, and too content to realize it was too good to be true. Confidence was their tragic downfall, just as it was for Alexand Jack Is utopia a place where crimes against humanity are committed? Is utopia a place where people cant choose what to do with their lives? Is a utopia a place where there is no love? Every attempt humans have made to reach a perfect world, has been pointless. Perfection doesnt exist. Utopias dont exist. (No Listed Author, The Strange Utopia of The Giver) This supports what is said in the above essay, utopias are true to their Greek meaning, place that does not exist because they do not exist. If one disagrees and believes that they are living in a utopia, it results from either over confidence or being misled by the false claims of others or both. Rather than striving for utopias we must strive to be as aware of our surrounding as possible to prepare for and ideally minimize the dangers that are always a part of human existence and exist within any social system.

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World History I - Essay Example However as we very well know, that situation is not true and Diamond (1997) presents some very interesting insights into how and why the development of societies took place as it did. The explanations given by him are quite interesting since they are logical and appear to make perfect sense. For instance, the argument about technology appeals considerably because today we live in a world which is very technology oriented and it is clear that countries which have taken modern technology to be an integral part of their economies have gained a lot from it. For example, in recent years both India and China have become economic giants mainly due to the investment in technology made by their respective governments and due to the technological contacts they have had with western powers like America and Europe. Of course the development of America is simply a result of the development of the European powers and their ability to create a food surplus from agriculture and domestication of animals. Diamond (1997) is correct when he says that African armies on rhinos and hippos could have decimated European cavalry charges but horses were domesticated while rhinos and hippos still remain wild and dangerous animals. The food surplus created by effective management and agriculture caused populations to expand which often meant that the chances of a region producing a thinker, inventor or discoverer were also increased. Additionally, the argument about human contact improving societies is very true since the contact between the Europeans, the Arabs, the Indians and the Chinese eventually took technologies like cartography, paper, numbers, and many other developments from one end of the globe to the other. The example of Australia in its relative isolation is quite correct since Australia did not know about these developments there was little chance of them developing these technologies on the same lines as the Eurasians. So the two fundamental

The Determinants of Household Poverty in the USA - 1980 Statistics Project

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