Dna Fingerprinting Essays - Molecular Biology, Biometrics

Dna Fingerprinting DNA Fingerprinting DNA Fingerprinting is also referred to as DNA profiling and DNA typing. It was first developed as an identification technique in England in 1985. The original use was to expose the presence of any genetic diseases. About three years later it became used to identify criminals through the analysis of genetic material and to settle paternity disputes. It is still used for those reasons today. The DNA fingerprinting process is called gel electrophoresis. It is a process that can sort pieces of DNA according to its size. The process is done by taking samples of DNA from the crime scene and comparing it with samples from the accused. Samples are taken from biological materials like blood, semen, hair, and saliva. In the testing process the DNA samples are first entered into the wells in a gel like substance called Agarose. The gel is placed between two electrodes, one negatively charged and the other positively charged. The wells in the Agarose are inserted on the negative side because DNA has a negative charge. Molecules of DNA then travel in lanes toward the positive side. Small molecules will travel farther than the bigger ones, because they have an easier time moving through the gel. So the molecules will then be assorted according to their size. Next, the gel is X-rayed to see the parallel bands (showed by black bars on the film) in each lane. The separated molecules of DNA form a pattern of parallel bands that show the structure of the DNA. The pattern should never change for one person. In a court of law, the results of a DNA fingerprinting examination can be used to convict or acquit an accused person. If the accused's DNA matches the one at the crime scene then that person could be convicted. Critics believe that a DNA fingerprint may not yet be reliable enough to use in the court system. They question how accurate a DNA fingerprint is and the cost of it. They believe that it is not very accurate because only a segment of DNA is used and not the complete strand. A DNA fingerprint may not be unique. The confirmation of the uniqueness has not been confirmed yet. Also the process is done in private laboratories so the exact testing standards may not be followed and standardized quality controls may not be used. Human error can have false results if they do not use the exact testing standards with quality controls. The testing is very expensive and if the accused can't pay for the testing then they will not be able to defend themselves using the results of the test. Also a question is, will people misuse the process? A misuse that scares them is the unauthorized use of the database that will be created with the increasing use of the DNA fingerprint. An example of an unauthori zed use is identifying individuals with a genetic disease by looking up their personal profile without their permission. Cases Katie Hoskins at the age of 15 found the body of her murdered mother, Glenda Hoskins, inside a rolled up carpet in their loft. She was attacked by her former lover, Victor Farrant, while taking a bath. She was planning to end their three-year relationship. Before her attack she received a letter from Victor stating, take these instructions to be very serious. F*** me about or refuse to do anything I ask and you will be tied up and gagged. I will not repeat myself. You will not get a second chance. If I have to use any violence to get what I want, I will. It will make no difference to me, I'm going to get what I want either way. The choice is yours. Be good and willing to me and you will come to no harm. I will be gentle, but remember you must show willing and be responsive. In the investigation of her body they found that she was pulled by her ankles while in the tub so he could suffocate her under the water. It also turns out that he attempted to kill a prostitute, Ann Fidler, two w eeks before the death of Mrs. Hoskins. Mrs. Fidler was a prostitute who

Discipline, Stressors for Parents with Children and ADHD Essays

Discipline, Stressors for Parents with Children and ADHD Essays Discipline, Stressors for Parents with Children and ADHD Essay Discipline, Stressors for Parents with Children and ADHD Essay Imagine being stuck in traffic waiting to cross an intersection. You have an important meeting to attend and an absence may revoke your chance of a promotion. This particular traffic light takes longer than average to change green. As it finally turns green, the cars ahead of you ease off the brakes and slowly accelerate past the intersection. Not being aware of the light change, you are distracted by a nearby billboard sign. Finally you regain focus, Just as you are about to cross the intersection he traffic light turns red and you slam on the brakes. For some people this type of situation happens quite often and engrosses them with animosity throughout the day. There are many instances like this one which can hold adults and children back from Jobs, academic success, and many other things in life. This struggle is called Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Many children are diagnosed with this behavioral disorder every day. There are many articles written today which speak of the facts and struggles children with ADHD deal with. But many f the articles do not really speak much of how the parents cope with the daily stress. Only a handful of studies have addressed the question of how parents cope with stress. Why? This is only one of the many questions and curiosities which will be discussed in this editorial. Parents go through many types of stress raising children who have behavioral problems such as ADHD. As discussed in one of the four articles which will be assessed in this paper, authors William E. Pelham, Jr. PH. D. , and Alan R. Lang, PH. D. tates Children with ADHD often disregard parental requests, commands nd rules; fght with siblings; disturb neighbors; and have frequent negative encounters with school teachers and principals (Pelham and Lang, 272). Why would there not be more discussions on this topic of parental stress and how to cope with For example: Children who act out in a store and the parent is looked down on because he/she cannot control the child, if the child has ADHD or another behavi oral disability the problem is not visible to the naked eye. The public in general will Judge the parent because they cannot see a physical disability such as Down syndrome. Some parents may or may not cope well with this type of situation. Children with ADHD have impulse issues and sometimes cannot control their actions without medication and/or behavioral intervention. A recent article titled Behavioral and Emotional Outcomes of an In-Home Parent Training Intervention for Young Children written by Kristen Hurley, Annette Griffith, Kathryn Casey, Stephanie Ingram and Amy Simpson discuss how families need to be involved in home training techniques which help with behavioral training and to cope without medication. Yet author Susan Hawthornes article ADHD drugs: Values that drive the debate and decisions argues whether medication and intervention ot behavioral and discipline raining is better. Pharmaceutical companies pay off doctors to push the medication but, on the other hand many parents and children would not be able to cope with the daily stress which comes from the behavioral struggles of an ADHD adolescent. According to Hurley, Casey, Griffith, Ingram and Simpson Many children who engage in disruptive problem behavior tend to come from families who demonstrate inconsistent and punitive parenting practices, experience considerable stress, and have frequent changes in family structure (Hurley, Casey, Griffith, Ingram and Simpson 1). Children with ADHD who go through the in home training and who take medication seen huge improvements, although children who do not take the medication seen improvement, the improvement will be short term vs. he child who takes the medication along with the in-home training. It is a lot easier to manage a child who is not running all over the place and getting into things on a daily basis. Parents need to complete the training and practice to make the change or there will be no significant improvements. It has also been discussed for years parents should always be involved with their childrens schools one way or another. This would help out significantly with communication between the teacher and parents. Several professional psychiatrists believe ADHD is a mental disorder and can be treated with medication and parental training. However, there are a few professionals out there who believe ADHD is Just a label and can be treated with Just training. For example, the article Self Handicapping Prior to Academic- Oriented Tasks in Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Medication Effects and Comparisons with Controls, suggests stimulant medications influence self-handicapping (Waschbusch, Craig, Pelham Jr and King, 275). However, if you teach your child the medication is only to help with your education or focusing and their actions are their responsibility truthfully; it is not self- handicapping to give your child a stimulant or non-stimulant. All children with ADHD should not be in a home with corporal punishment or a lot of inconsistent parenting technique. They feed off of the inconsistency, not wanting to follow direction and will play both of the parents against each other. Parents need to be more aware of this and prepare so they can cope with this type of stress. In a study described in he article Can Your Child Drive You to Drink Pelham and Lang discuss, how the study strongly support the assumption the deviant child behaviors represent major chronic interpersonal stressors for parents of ADHD children are associated with increased parental alcohol consumption, thereby confirming a child-to-parent influence on the same relationship (Pelham and Lang 298). Can Your Child Drive You to Drink is a complete cop out it is a study which gives parents an excuse to drink and not deal with the problem. One could only wonder how to handle a child with ADHD on a daily basis, there isa variety of teaching recommendations and ave been suggested through the years for children with ADHD to get into physical activity environments. Teaching relaxation training and developing strategies to increase self-regulation, along with using positive verbal reinforcement. There are many behavioral therapies which can help with controlling the child when he/she is out of control. There needs to be more information out in the media for parents who need help dealing with their child even without ADHD. With all of the violence involving children these days there should be more resources to help cope with this stress. Many people do not know how to deal with their own emotions and nger let alone deal with a disruptive child on a daily basis. As the exploration of these articles show, there is significant discussion regarding how to help children cope, but very little on the parent perspective. This affects parents by not knowing what to do and in some results the parents using corporal punishment out of frustration. Many parents feel there is no-one listening. A change in how studies are done should be analyzed by physicians and psychiatrist because the effects on the child can be detrimental to their mentality, emotions and social skills. If the parent cannot cope very well. There is hope with greater awareness on how parents cope with the stress and giving the right tools and information it will help parents deal more appropriately. Authors Harvey, Fagan and Kassis state, A few major outcomes might be achieved with combining use of social skills training and the empathy approach (Harvey, Fagan and Kassis 34). This is true, positive encouragement is used in many mental health clinics in the US. Bad behavior is Just as noticeable as good behavior if you shine a light on it. So if there is a light shined on the good behavior maybe the bad behavior will dissipate making less stress on he parent and the child. No one said it would be easy to raise a child and being a parent dont come with a manual. So the next time you are in a store or somewhere in public and you see a child who may be out of control try not to think Oh my! Look at the parent not controlling their child think, Maybe there is a reason why it is hard to control their child. Remember, Just because this disability is not visible to the naked eye it does not mean it is not there. Work Cited Pelham,William E. , Jr, and Alan R. Lang. Can Your Children Drive You to Drink? Alcohol Research and Health 23. 4 1999): 292-8. ProQuest. web. 13 NOV. 2013. Hurley, Kristin Duppong, et al. Young Children. Journal of At-Risk Issues 16. 2 (201 1): 1-7. Harvey, William J. , Terrance Fagan, and Jean Kassis. Enabling Students with ADHD to Use Self-Control in Physical Activities. Palaestra summer 2003: 32-5. ProQuest. web. 7 NOV. 2013. Waschbusch, Daniel A. , et al. Self-Handicapping Prior to Academic Oriented Tasks in Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Medication Effects and Comparisons with Controls. Journal of abnormal child psychology 35. 2 (2007): 275-86. ProQuest. web. 7 NOV. 2013.

Long-Range Planning in the Present World Environment Assignment

Long-Range Planning in the Present World Environment - Assignment Example Terror attacks, war, and nuclear dilemmas facing the world were additional topics requiring brainstorming at the event. Former U.S. President Clinton maintained that climate change is the only crisis "that has the power to end the march of civilization as we know it." Otherwise, "There is no reason for pessimism," declared Jeroen van der Veer, chief executive of Royal Dutch Shell (Environment News Service 2006). A Dutch managing director claimed that 'long-range planning is nowadays seen as an academic exercise' given that the times are uncertain and the environment turbulent. We have heard that the polar ice cap was depleted by a staggering fourteen percent between the years 2004 and 2005. Now if another Ice Age was to commence in six to seven years and we were sure that this would happen, companies could do away with long-range planning. Since there is no definite date for the end of the world, however, companies must do what they have always done - plan and forecast. Yes, there are forces beyond the control of people of the world. Besides, threats of violence around the globe have not been put to an end. We have already witnessed the effects of war and terror on the economic state of the world. Still, uncertainty has always been the present state of the world. ... Companies of all sizes continue to operate everywhere on earth. Life is going on without any surety as to what would happen in five to ten years' time. Natural disasters do occur and both small and large companies do lose a lot of money. Firms die and new ones are born. CEO's retire and younger ones take their place. Nevertheless, companies must continue to make long term plans about running their businesses as productively as possible, taking into account the external factors that could disturb the process in between. No company can survive with its focus on a big scale disaster. Therefore, businessmen would go on making budgets and deciding how to increase their sales over the coming years. Short and long term planning combined is the lifeblood of all firms and would be carried on for as long as the earth endures. Furthermore, today's business environment is fast changing because of innovations in technology. Companies must be taking into account all factors that spell change whils t planning; these factors not only include technology but also forces that the world does not fully understand at this point in time. As Gordon C. Robbins (1995) puts it, "A good deal of organizational planning . . . is like a ritual rain dance. It has no effect on the weather that follows. . . . Much of the advice related to planning is directed at improving the dancing, not the weather." Long-Range Planning Business planning has two aspects: quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative planning is number crunching based on market reports, for example. Qualitative plans, on the other hand, consist of descriptions and explanations. A long-range business plan includes both qualitative and quantitative aspects. It is the qualitative aspect that

Healthcare Finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Healthcare Finance - Assignment Example This saves time and resources dedicated to budgeting (Shim, Siegel & Shim, 2012). Top-down approach also minimizes unnecessary spending by the various departments and helps streamline an organization’s accounting processes. This further helps an organization to stay financially firm while avoiding cost overruns. This is unlike the bottom up approach where departments make their own budgets and pass them to the upper executives. The major risk that comes with this approach is the possibility of experiencing cost overruns, which can be financially damaging (Shim, Siegel & Shim, 2012). By leaving the responsibility of budgeting to the upper management, chances of costs overruns are greatly reduced. A top-down approach can also be used to help departments know what is expected of them. Each department is allocated a budget according to the expectations of the organization on that department. This is ideal in a situation where an organization wants to reduce on its

The role of technology Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The role of technology - Research Proposal Example According to him it is the driving force behind the major social and cultural adaptations. This paper seeks to evaluate the various technological factors that affect a great deal in altering the social structure and cultural trends. The facets where these factors bring evident alteration are also identified and explored and discussed in this study. Culture does not have a stringent definition. It is rather more of a concept which defines the collective practices, perceptions and doings of individuals constituting a social group. The magnitude of a social group while defining culture varies to all extents. It might be a culture within an organization, a city/town or a whole nation. What holds importance is the common ground that gives birth to a particular trend in culture. However, the trends and extension of culture is not the point of relevance here. What this paper attempts to evaluate is that how changes are brought in a culture and what are the channels which bring these changes as well the facets where these changes are felt the most. We can trace the effects of technology on culture through history but the study focuses the effect of technology on culture in the current scenario. Internet, email, television and mobile phones are some of the aspects that have revolutionized the way we think, act and live our lives in the past few decades. Now man is no more bounded by limitation in any facet of life. He has got access to any place, individual or happening since things now are just a few clicks away and very easy to approach. These inventions were just not mere creations which were going to be totally replaced by some other thing later on. On the other hand, they have developed into mediums which are now borrowing heavily from even the slightest of cultural trends and social needs. These inventions have progressed and developed themselves to be tools which have got their own self prevailing mechanisms. They tune themselves towards the needs of the public and boomerang them back to the society after injecting them with self formulated mechanisms. The impact of internet in reshaping our social and communal lives has been vastly debated by L. Siegel (2009) in his work Against the Machine: How the Web Is Reshaping Culture and Commerce": And Why It Matters. He comments that everything from every day living to shopping and business has been modified itself according to the web. Results & Discussions The modern day technology has grasped all of us in a way that we can not opt to live outside its sphere. Individual independence along with knowledge and awareness has considerably increased. The speed and accuracy for things have remarkably increased along with the ease in handling stuff. On a general level, people are becoming more and more alienated from social groupings and getting confined to their own zones. Each person is equipped and occupied with his own virtual world and real time interaction and actions have

Auditing Is The Accumulation And Evaluation Of Evidence Accounting Essay

Auditing Is The Accumulation And Evaluation Of Evidence Accounting Essay Auditing is the accumulation and evaluation of evidence about information to determine and report on the degree of correspondence between the information and established criteria. Auditing should be done by a competent, independent party and communicate the results to interested users. (Elder, and others, 2007, p .4) The purpose of audit is to enable the auditor to express an opinion whether the financial statements present a true and fair view in accordance with the identified financial reporting framework, and will enhance the credibility of financial statements. Audits can improve a companys efficiency and profitability by helping the management better understand their own work and financial system. The management, as well as the shareholders, suppliers and financers, is assured that the risks in the organization are well-studied, and effective systems are in place to handle them. Furthermore, audit can identify areas in an organizations financial structure that need improvement, and how to implement the proper changes and adjustments. It uncovers inaccuracies and discrepancies within an organizations records, which may be indications of weak financial organization or even internal fraud, and reduce the risks. (Auditing, n.d.) At present corporate scandals and fraud continues to be a pervasive problem and is very common across the world. However these scandals and fraud are so massive that every time many people especially employees of the company lose their jobs and investors are bearing from major losses in these incidents. Corporate fraud is any fraud committed against a business and is used to include many different wrongs that may occur within a business. Corporate fraud takes many forms, including insider trading, embezzlement, false billing schemes, securities fraud and forgery, Asset misappropriation fraud, Business opportunity fraud, Employment fraud, Short and long firm fraud, Employee fraud etc. Among the most dangerous forms of corporate fraud is known as long firm fraud, which occurs when a business is founded on legitimate grounds, and then lead by certain unethical individuals toward a purpose of defrauding over a long time. (Corporate fraud, n.d.) It is difficult to expect such scandals prior to the exposure as these involve complex methods for misusing funds, overstating revenues, understating expenses, etc. According to studies conducted in the United States, United Kingdom and Australia (2010) states that corporate fraud increased in the previous 12 months and economic conditions have w orsened. The studies also found that the dollar amount lost to fraud also had increased as well. The study conducted by Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE, 2009) estimated that fraud cost U.S organizations 7 percent of annual revenues, or $ 994 billion in losses based on 2008 gross domestic product. Although financial statement fraud less frequent, however it typically involved more than $ 2 million. Simultaneously, in the United Kingdom KPMGs Fraud Barometer found  £1.3 billion of fraud in 2009. National head of forensic Gary Gill (2010) states that 2009 Australia KPMGs Fraud Barometer found million in major fraud cases. And they highlighted that although the number of cases remain same compared to first to second half of 2009, the value or cost of the fraud doubled. This could weaken investors and shareholders confidence. In order to prevent or reduce from corporate fraud auditors do have a duty to detect errors and fraud hence auditors need to ensure that the financial statements are presented in true and fair view in accordance with the identified financial reporting framework. This research will assist the auditors to find out what they can be done or what would be their responsibility to reduce the massive corporate fraud which, is rapidly spreading around the world. Auditors obtain a reasonable assurance that financial statements are free of material misstatement caused by error or fraud. One of the challenges faced by the auditor in detecting fraud is the independence of the auditor. Some companies management will not allow the auditor to act with integrity and exercise objectivity and professional skepticism. The other challenge faced by the auditor is that the management does not provide sufficient information to detect the fraud. The auditors would not get enough supporting documents to prove that whether the transactions are correctly recorded. Maintaining public trust is also one of the challenges that auditors would face, hence the public has raised the question as to whether audit functions can be trusted, after financial statement fraud committed by big companies such as Enron, Tyco, and World.com. In order to prevent such problems from occurring, this research has been conducted in order to help auditors to enhance audit quality, preve nt and detect potential fraud before it is too late. Brief description of project objectives. (i.e. scope of proposal, constructs used, limitations and significance) Andrew Marshal (2009) said that when it comes to corporate fraud, nowhere is safe, hence there are fraud scandals occurring everywhere in the world. CPA Journal (2008) estimated that a typical organization loses 5 percent of its annual revenues to fraud, or about $ 4,500 per employee each year. Furthermore the CPA Journal (2008) states that most frauds involve a lack of adequate internal controls (opportunity), the need to maintain an expensive lifestyle or pressure to meet goals (incentive), and the perpetrators lack of awareness that their actions are wrong (self-rationalization) or simple lack of integrity. However, investors expect auditors to give them absolute assurance for detecting material misstatement due to fraud. The majority of investors want from an audit absolute assurance the financial statements are free of all types of material misstatement. The main objective or the aim of this research will be on how and what are the methods that auditors can contribute to minimiz e material misstatements from financial statements and reduce corporate fraud. The other objective of this research is to identify the difficulties in detecting corporate fraud and how to enhance audit quality. Besides that this research will evaluate the gaps in internal controls and how auditors can come out with a financial statement without any biasness. Scope of the Study The scope of this study will concentrate on auditors and their responsibilities towards the public. In addition it will focus on fraud awareness, fraud risk and the corporate governance in the organization. Furthermore this study will focus on the abilities and the knowledge which auditors should have to accomplish their obligations. Limitations of the Study The limitations of this research will be the difficulty in collecting primary data; hence this research will be conducted with face-to-face structured interviews and a survey questionnaire. The time limit for the interview may not be enough based on the availability of the participants, therefore interview has to be scheduled for the availability of participants. Significant of the Study This research will facilitate the auditors to maintain public trust and will enhance audit quality. By enhancing audit quality auditors can reduce the corporate fraud and make the companies trustworthy. When audit quality is enhanced auditors will be more responsible in detecting and preventing fraud. And auditors will perform their work more carefully as a result the companies will not experience financial trouble or difficulties. This research will gather information about how corporate frauds can be reduced and auditors as a key people who needs this information to be applied in the corporate world to reduce corporate fraud. Brief description of the models/theories/concepts that will be used in this proposal. (i.e. consumer behaviourism model, CSF and etc.) This project does not require any concepts, theories or models to be used in the process of doing it. E Academic research being carried out and other information, techniques being learnt. (i.e. literature what are the names of books you are going to read / data sets you are going to use) The books that this research will use are Audit and Assurance Books, Internal and External Auditing books. Magazines, online articles and journals which are related to corporate fraud and auditors will be used. Journals include such as Audit disaster futures: antidotes for the expectation gap by Fran M. Wolf, James A. Tackett and Gregory A. Claypool. And CPA journals such as Auditors responsibilities with respect to fraud: a possible shift. In addition this research will use the Audit firms reports such as KPMG. Other relevant sources include: http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5AJ03S20091120 http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN1717856320100317 http://www.bobsguide.com/guide/news/2009/Nov/20/Corporate_accounting_fraud_increasing_around_the_world.html http://www.kpmg.com/AU/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/Press-Releases/Pages/Press-release-fraud-doubles-16-Feb-10.aspx http://www.irs.gov/compliance/enforcement/article/0,,id=213768,00.html http://www.anonymousemployee.com/csssite/sidelinks/corporate_fraud.php http://www.procurement.travel/news.php?cid=corporate-fraud-rises-employees-layoffs-economy.Mar-10.31 http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=868441show=html Brief description of the materials/methodologies needed by the proposal. (i.e. data collection methods, sampling, sample size and target group etc.) The data for this research is intended to be covered from Malaysia. Primary data will be collected from listed companies and Audit firms of Malaysia. Data will be collected with the help of questionnaires and interviews. Face-to-face structured interviews will be carried out. The interview will be kept short to respect the time constrains of the participants, hence would not be exceeding 30 minutes. Where clarification is required, further follow-up interviews can be carried out over telephone or e-mail where necessary. A total of 150 questionnaires would be prepared and distributed to the employees of listed companies of Malaysia and Certified Public Accountants (CPA) of Malaysia. The questionnaire would also be distributed to the shareholders for the listed companies of Malaysia and other employees who are working in financial institutions as well. The questionnaires would be more closed ended structured while there would be some open ended questions included as well. Most of the secondary data will be taken from online journals, Emerald, other websites and Athens database. G Brief description of the evaluation and analysis proposed for this project. (i.e. project deliverables and hypothesis, correlation test etc) Hypothesis of the Research This research would benefit the Audit firms, public and private limited companies and shareholders and stakeholders of the public companies. This research not only benefits to Audit firms, public and private companies, but for the public as a whole. The hypothesis testing would show the effect and the changes of audit quality. This hypothesis testing would be the relationship between internal auditors and the external auditors, being independent between the internal auditors would assist the external auditors to work independently and detect fraud and prevent them re-occurring. In addition this research would expect that there is a relationship between internal control and the audit quality and relationship between audit ethics and audit procedures that the external auditors carried out. Deliverables The end result of this research would provide empirical information to all auditors and the top management of the company. Especially this information would facilitate the directors to come out with reliable financial statement to its users. This research will provide theoretical information to all the directors and to the management of the company in order to prevent the financial statements from misstatement and fraud. This information helps the company from losing billions of dollars per year from corporate fraud and will safeguard the shareholders interest and the stake holders of the company. H. Illustration of how this project will benefit the future employability Relevance to Industry All the accounting and financial industries will benefit from this research. As an audit firm this research will help both enhancing the audit quality and will facilitate the new methods to detect fraud and will encourage new audit firms to perform the audit with due care. Auditing is one of the challenging works which assist the auditors to use their knowledge and experience and at the same time the new auditors will learn and gain experience in the audit field and would learn new methods on detecting frauds. This research would benefit all the corporations to minimize their corporate fraud cost. Significance to Modules This research is directly related to Audit and Assurance, Forensic Accounting. And also somehow this research is related to corporate governance as well.

A Comparison of Individual Responsibility in Oedipus Rex and A Dolls H

Individual Responsibility in Oedipus Rex and A Doll's House    In Sophocles' Oedipus Rex and Ibsen's A Doll's House, the main characters - Nora and Oedipus, are both constructed to illustrate flaws in society.   Oedipus' psychological evolution sees him begin as an all-powerful, righteous king, who seemingly through no fault of his own murders his father and marries his mother.   His evolution ends with his self-blinding, an action which Sophocles' uses to establish the true freedom of the individual before divine authority.   In A Doll's House, the development of Nora Helmer leads her from believing that she is happily married to realizing that she is a mere possession for her husband's entertainment.   By her decision at the end of the play to leave her family and explore her own self-identity, Ibsen is insinuating that concern for oneself is far from selfish; it is in fact a supreme duty.   Both plays introduced new waves of thought into society, and proved that freedom and justice are essentially matters of individual decision and responsibility.1 King Oedipus is introduced in Oedipus Rex as the charming, courageous, and all powerful king of Thebes.   In the opening sequence of the play, Oedipus is approached by his citizens, led by a priest, who asks him to find the source of the plague which is devastating their city.   He praises Oedipus as "King of the land, our greatest power,"[ln. 15] and then goes on to describe the dire situation the townspeople find themselves in, which includes stillborn babies and pestilence.   Sophocles uses this conversation between Oedipus and the priest to establish Oedipus' grandeur, as can be seen in by the Priest's plea to Oedipus: Now we pray to you.   You cannot equal the gods, your chi... ...g. 138 5 Knox, Bernard.   Sophocles - The Three Theban Plays.   Pg. 139 6 Ibid.   pg. 138 7 ln. 269-279 8 ln. 469-474 9 Salome, Lou.   Ibsen's Heroines 10 Ibsen, Henrik.   A Doll's House.   Pg. 30 11 Salome, Lou.   Ibsen's Heroines.   Pg. 48 12 Ibsen, Henrik.   A Doll's House.   Pg. 54 13 Salome, Lou.   Ibsen's Heroines.   Pg. 48 14 Ibid.   Pg. XV 15 Ibid.   Pg. 63 16 Ibsen, Henrik.   A Doll's House - Pg. XVI 17 ln. 1395-1405 18 MacFarlane, James.   Ibsen and Meaning - Studies, Essays, and Prefaces.   Pg. 248 19 Ibsen, Henrik.   A Doll's House   Pg. 99 20 Winnington Ingram, R.P.   Fate in Sophocles.   Pg. 134 21 Knox, Bernard.   Sophocles - The Three Theban Plays.   Pg. 149 22 ln. 1467-71 23 MacFarlane, James.   Ibsen and Meaning - Studies, Essays, and Prefaces.   Pg. 245 24 Ibid.   Pg. 250 25 Ibid.   Pg. 250